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How China’s Governance System Works: Structure, Power, and Administration
Introduction China represents one of the most distinctive governance systems in the contemporary world. Unlike liberal democracies that follow a multi-party electoral framework, China operates under a single-party socialist system led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). Its governance structure combines political centralization with administrative decentralization, enabling the state to manage a vast population,…
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The Four Purusharthas of Sanatan Dharma: Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha
Introduction: The Civilizational Vision of Sanatan Dharma Sanatan Dharma, often referred to as Hinduism, is not merely a religion but a complete way of life that provides a holistic framework for human existence. One of its most profound contributions to human thought is the concept of Purushartha—the fourfold objectives or aims of human life. The…
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Understanding Public Policy and Its Role in Development
Introduction Every visible outcome of governance—education systems, healthcare services, infrastructure, climate action, poverty alleviation, or digital transformation—is shaped by public policy. While the term “policy” is frequently used, its depth, scope, and transformative power are often underestimated. Public policy is not merely a government decision; it is a structured response to public problems, anchored in…
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Output vs Outcome: Meaning, Differences, and Their Role in Scientific Project Evaluation
Introduction In development planning, governance, and public policy, terms like output and outcome are frequently used—but often misunderstood or used interchangeably. This confusion leads to weak project evaluation, misleading success claims, and poor policy learning. Understanding the difference between output and outcome is crucial for: This blog explains these concepts clearly and simply, using real-life…
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